Conditions of the Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

States of the Vietnam War Essay When battling in a war, the valiant troopers are facing their adversary, yet in addition against the tumultuous deterrents conceived on the combat zone. The steady commotion of butcher, the awful climate and the ubiquitous dread of death were all components of war that the fighters needed to exist together with. The chances of strolling home after a war are amazingly uncommon and the individuals who were sufficiently fortunate to endure were sufficiently unfortunate to have had seen indefinable scenes of blood and murder. The individuals who have defied the fierceness of war are left mentally damaged and intellectually precarious. The battling conditions during the Vietnam War were agonizingly intense. The Australian and American soldiers had to battle in an assortment of climates, including the tropical rains and bursting heat. Battling in situations and conditions they were not yet acquainted with, they were depleted of their vitality and were requested elevated levels of continuance. For certain warriors, the dry season was especially hard to battle in. they were required to battle through a murkiness of residue that entered their garments, filled their pores and worked its way through their eyes and ears, bringing about conjunctivitis and ear diseases. One trooper expressed, â€Å"It can be a trial of human undertaking inside a boisterous metal box the entire day in forty degree heat, with 80% relative stickiness and nobody has showered for a week.† Soldiers battled with harms to their bodies, for example, rankles, burn from the sun and lack of hydration, making it exceptionally hard to move around and battle as well as could be expected. Different troubles they confronted were the danger of infections, for example, intestinal sickness and diarrhea which is brought about by absence of sanitation and drying out. Creepy crawlies, toxic centipedes, snakes and bloodsuckers were a portion of the savage animals the warriors attempted their hardest to evade. Appropriate food and clean water was extremely hard to get too. Troopers ate from utilized jars and drank from earth secured drink bottles. In a land where the ground detonates and it downpours projectiles, demise is unavoidable. Fighters would be knee-somewhere down in slaughter and the region would be invaded with the body portions of confidant officers. War doesn't give time for troopers to lament and is continually polluting the earth in the shade of red. Seeing the passing of a confidant is a certain something, however to need to creep, walk and run realizing that you may kick the bucket an abhorrent demise at any second is similarly as horrendously unnerving. Fighters who endure the Vietnam war were determined to have changeless neurosis and craziness. While battling a foe on the front line, troopers should at the same time battle dread in their brains. Guerrilla Warfare During the Vietnam War, Guerrilla strategies were being placed energetically. Guerrilla Warfare comprised of little amazement assaults and ambushes as opposed to working in significant gunfire fights. Setting up booby-traps and tripwires were the favored choice just as uncovering confused frameworks of underground passages in and around little towns. The Vietcong had the home field advantage, they utilized the unpleasant territory, thick timberlands and lopsided scene for their potential benefit against the American warriors as they were new to such troublesome landforms. The Vietcong utilized their insight and secrecy to outmaneuver the Americans and win the war. They didn't wear any uniform so the Americans just considered them to be ‘villagers with guns’. The Vietcong would likewise hole up behind honest regular folks and use them as a shield against their foe. They would likewise uncover American land mines and utilize the explosives as bombs of their own. Attempt at manslaughter assaults were normal and extremely powerful in the battle against the Americans. With risky deft, the Vietcong would secretive assault the Americans and leave before gambling catch joining the component of shock. The Vietcong would escape through an intricate system of underground passages, absent to the Americans. Toward the beginning of the war, the American troopers had no clue about the tunnels’ presence and their ignorance created incredible favorable position to the Vietcong. The most broad of the passage framework laid in the ‘Iron Triangle’ in the Cu Chi divert, which secured around 400 kilometers. The Americans profoundly depended on their helicopters to battle the Vietcong’s skilfully concealed passing snares. In any case, the Vietcong went to substantial hardware as a type of counter against the American’s ethereal assaults. The Vietcong would set up various booby-traps, tucked away among the wilderness floor of the woods. Larger part of the booby-traps were shrouded in toxic substance and venom which will build the danger of contamination. Some booby traps that were made and carefully assembled by the Vietnamese townspeople included: * The Bear Trap-when stepped on would wildly grasp one’s foot by skewering it with sharp paws * Grenade Traps-a projectile tied to a tripwire which will in a split second detonate, leaving no an ideal opportunity to get away from when activated * ‘Bouncing Betty’-intended to slice somebody down the middle, when stepped on would result in either loss of motion or the total removal of an appendage * Foot Trap-a gap that was burrowed knee profound and planted with stakes covered in poison pointing downwards, making it unescapable * Tiger Pit/Punji Spike Pit-a gap roughly 5-6 feet down, with the base canvassed in puncturing, venomous stakes. It likewise has a projectile lying in anticipate to snare the individuals who attempt to get away from The battling conditions in the Vietnam war were harsh for the two gatherings. Fighters put their bodies through irritatingly awkward circumstances and battled in fearsome situations, all while attempting to keep their appendages flawless. Fights emerged inside fights, regardless of whether it be the awful climate or the resolute dread of death, officers persevered through an outstanding measure of physical and mental battle. The fierceness of the Vietnam War guaranteed numerous fearless lives and contaminated the psyches of the individuals who had the option to leave with the advantage of breath. Book index * http://vietnamawbb.weebly.com/guerrilla-fighting and-war-of-attrition.html * http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamwar.htm * http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/guerrilla/index.html * http://www.vietnam-war.0catch.com/vietnam_war_nature.htm * http://vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/battle/viet-cong-tunnels.php * http://www.securenet.net/3rdbn5th/mike35/booby.htm * http://www.echo23marines6569.org/BoobyTraps.html * http://vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/covering/conditions.php * https://session.wikispaces.com/1/auth/auth?authToken=03a2e4971076358d2188756c8108eb2b5

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Benjamin Franklin mirrored that culture through his life and this impression of social and national pride of the Americans is clear in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Obviously the social pride of the country and its residents has been so normal in the framework that it is discovered the hardest component in life to live away from. Franklin clarifies this thought in the work when toward the finish of conversation on a not insignificant rundown of the attractive characteristics of life that can be accomplished through training. Hence, when the Americans are harmed on their social pride, the characteristic result of each such endeavor has been revolt which has been communicated through the chronicled occasions, for example, those contacting the national awareness and commonplace reasoning. â€Å"In reality, there is, maybe, nobody of our regular interests so difficult to curb as pride. Mask it, battle with it, beat it down, smother it, embarrass it as much however one sees fit , is as yet alive, and will once in a while peep out and show itself; you will see it, maybe, regularly in this history; for, regardless of whether I could consider that I had totally conquered it, I ought to likely be glad for my humility.† (Franklin). This has been the standard of life and that of culture that the honesty of each individual, country and culture is regarded or the outcome will, normally, be revolt. To discover the inception of American provincialism, one may reach up to the days when the American individuals lived disengaged from the unsettling influences of European life and this has been the focal point of their social pride and legacy. â€Å"Americans have for quite some time been glad for their pioneer roots, and have commended presence of mind over the ceremony of privileged. This is only one of the more noticeable consequences of our establishing provincialism. Indeed, from the earliest starting point, spectators noticed the salubrious outcomes of Americas good ways from Europe†¦ The ethic of rough independence isn't

SIPA Scholarships Regional, International Opportunities COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Scholarships Regional, International Opportunities COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog As we near our fellowship aid deadline on January 5th, heres some information about regional, international scholarships. Among SIPA’s scholarships and fellowships are a number that are available to students from (or in some cases, studying) a particular country or region of the world.   Our scholarships are merit-based and competitive. The full list of gifts and endowed funds can be found here.  The Jorge Paulo Lemann Fellowship: Available to Brazilian students, or those of other nationalities who can demonstrate a strong interest in social change in Brazil. The Robert Legvold Fellowship Fund: Available to residents of, or immigrants from, the former Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, the former East Germany, Romania, Mongolia, Cuba or Vietnam. The Kathryn Wasserman Davis Fellowship:   This award is available to students from the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, the former Yugoslavia, China or Taiwan. The Taha Fund:   This award is for students who are residents of Iraq or Turkey, or other international students who have expressed a serious interest in the Middle East as indicated by work experience, language training, course work, etc. The Shetty and Ahmad Endowment: This fellowship is available to students who have resided in India or Pakistan and/or are interested in sustainable development. The Magzhan Auezov Fellowship: The fellowship was established for residents of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, or to students studying topics related to that region of Central Asia. The Columbia Scholarship Program for Displaced Persons: Full tuition and living expenses for students displaced as the result of the civil war in Syria. The Rambourg Fellowship:   This new award provides full expenses for students from Tunisia. We also encourage you to view our Financial Aid external funding sources for more information about scholarships from charitable or professional organizations, employers, philanthropic groups, or agencies in other countries. These resources have varying eligibility criteria, deadlines, and contact information. Our financial aid team is dedicated to helping you explore all available means to finance your graduate education. Make sure that you review our financial aid page for more details about financial planning and investing in your graduate education.

The Industrial Revolution A Classical Liberalism

The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain bought about significant changes, and had varying impacts on people depending on their economic status. It was a change that spread rapidly widening the gap between the rich and the poor wherever it developed. Although the industrial revolution enhanced production, increased employment opportunities and resulted in high generation of revenues, it also negatively affected various industries given that most of the trust, conglomerate and holding companies used their influence to kill any chance of fair competition; a move that ensured they controlled their respective industries. Worse still, it increasingly degraded the lives of the middle class given that early on in the revolution; there were no specific laws or regulations to protect them. It therefore becomes evident that it is laissez- faire (a classical liberalism) that supported the historical record with regards to early industrial revolution. During this time there was liberalism, conservatism and socialist, yet, not everyone that was in reform agreed with all regulations. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, liberalism the nineteenth century was define as â€Å"a political philosophical based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, and the autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of political and civil liberties; specifically: such a philosophy that considers government as a crucial instrument for amelioration ofShow MoreRelatedClassical Liberalism Is A Political Philosophy Originated1594 Words   |  7 PagesClassical Liberalism is a political philosophy originated in the 18th century based on the idea of individual liberty created to preserve an open and accepting, and open-minded society. Classical liberalism is very solemn when advocating for the value of freedom in which emphasizes the importance of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets which includes fr ee trade market capitalism, and economic liberalism. Up until around the 1900s, this ideology was commonly known as Liberalism, howeverRead MoreLiberalism And Its Influence On Society1329 Words   |  6 PagesLiberalism: where â€Å"people understand their own business, and their own interests better, and care for them more, than the government does or can be expected to do†, as defined by John Mill. Many individuals considered this ideology as the solution to their political, economic, and possibly their social needs; where a renewed acknowledgement of human worth and rationality materialized. Citizens were given the opportunity to delve and pursue their own desires of wealth without any government involvementRead MoreResistance to Liberalism Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesHEAD: RESISTANCE TO LIBERALISM The Justification of Resisting Liberalism Liberalism, in general, was an ideological movement that emerged out of the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century. It embraced the ideas of individualism which were established in the Renaissance and Reformation era. The Renaissance period sparked a belief in the importance of the individual in society. It helped promote the beliefs of classical liberalism which graduallyRead MoreClassical Liberalism Vs. Modern Liberalism Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressive ideology that humanity has struggled long and arduously to fully achieve. (PP classical liberalism) According to the Bond textbook, â€Å"Ideology is a consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society.† (Textbook, page 22) The movement that spanned during the creation of the United States was called classical liberalism. What is liberalism? Classical Liberalism could be defined as a movement during the eighteenth maybe nineteenth century that wasRead MoreConservatism Vs. Classical Liberalism859 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, classical liberalism was the ideology that society thought would best protect individual liberties. Conservatism and classical liberalism often resemble each other in social and political ideas and ways of thinking. There are many factors that contribute to this resemblance between the two ideologies. Conservatism in the United States so often resembles classical liberalism because of the similarity in the beliefs of government restrictions and regulations. Before explaining how classical liberalismRead MoreHow Liberism has Evolved During the 20th Century980 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, liberalism has been one of the sources of political progress in the West. Liberalism is a philosophy based on ideas of liberty and quality. Liberalism is hard to define due to the term being used to describe ideas, parties, movements and practices in different societies and different historical periods. The core values of liberalism are individualism, rationalism, freedom, justice and toleration . Liberalism is one of the most powerful ideologies shaping Western Politics. Early Liberalism showedRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On Society882 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs and they fail to look at the bigger picture. Liberalism is the ideology that would best fit society because its principles’ advocate for equality, tolerance of all, and individualism. Liberals believe in freedom from tyranny or unwarranted government intervention and that the w ell-being of society comes from competition among self-interested people (Classical Liberalism Lecture). Traditional liberalism came about during the industrial revolution, a time where new technologies were introduced inRead MoreIdeologies Defined656 Words   |  3 Pageseconomics of the Industrial Revolution, Liberalism in Europe developed and newly espoused the notion that man was free to choose to live his life and earn his way as he saw fit. Personal freedom was an inherent right, and that society would best be served by each individual being able to perform to the best of his ability, and that the needs of society as a whole would be better met by a population choosing to perform its function rather than a predetermined one. The Industrial Revolution made thisRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On International Relations Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Liberalism is more of a dominant philosophy in modern world more concentrating to European and American political system. Liberalism have many variations and many proposal for state. In this essay I will try to discourse different views towards liberalism is viewed. This essay views liberalism in more surficial manner but will try to touch the essential values and norms regarding liberalism. Liberalism is based on human experience and habit absorbed from society. So in same manner in thisRead MoreSimilarities Between Classical and Modern Liberals Are Greater Than the Differences. Discuss1729 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between classical and modern liberalism are greater than the differences. Discuss. (45 marks) Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; classical liberalism, which was fashioned during the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution, and the more recent Modern Liberalism which emerged as industrialisation continued within the UK. Although both divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and approaches regarding the theory behind the ideology

The Epic Hero Of Beowulf - 866 Words

An epic hero is someone who is of great importance, they have supernatural abilities, have some form of connection with the Gods, and accomplish great deeds. In Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney, Beowulf is the epic hero in his tale and he is considered great by those who know of his life. There are two versions of his story which portrays him in a certain way. The video version does not do its best to portray him as an epic hero but instead show that he is a liar, a womanizer, and a coward. The written version does not portray him as such, it portrays him as someone who is strong, brave, and fearless. The written version best portrays Beowulf as an epic hero by showing his actions involving superhuman deeds in battle. Beowulf’s first battle that portrayed his supernatural ability was with Grendel, a monster who has been plaguing Hrothgar’s kingdom. He comes at night and wreaks havoc upon the kingdom, killing the men who dare destroy him. Beowulf hears of the stories about Grendel and decides to take a journey to Heorot, to free Hrothgar of the monster. Hrothgar let him in with open arms because he knew of his ancestry and he settled the debts that his father left behind, â€Å"he knows your ancestry; also that he welcomes you here to Heorot,† (lines 392-3). That night after Beowulf arrived, he stripped off his armor because he did want to face this battle with Grendel having armor and weapons. He decided that he would fight him bare handed, â€Å"And the Geat placed completeShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pagesaway following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong sense ofRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pagesthan the writer. These â€Å"epic heros† are protagonists that fulfill their potential of greatness through using their bravery, strength and humility for good. The near ancient tale of Beowulf is a classic example of an epic story that contains an epic hero. In this tale Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, has been terrorized by a beast known as Grendel. This beast has been murdering the king’s people and no one has come close to stopping this killer. A Geat warrior named Beowulf hears of the King’s predicamentRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1373 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Beowulf, The Epic Hero In Anglo Saxon times, Beowulf is considered a well known epic hero. â€Å"Epic heroes are literary characters from ancient mythology and other stories, which were written down in the form of long, narrative epic poems. The hero is the main character, or protagonist of the poem†(Epic Hero: Definition, Characteristics Examples.). The epic hero usually battles for accomplishments to a set of tasks to complete important goals. Beowulf is described as an epic hero becauseRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero894 Words   |  4 Pages The character of Beowulf demonstrates several characteristics that make a great epic hero. Throughout his lifetime he displayed several characteristics such as honor, bravery, physical superiority, leadership, and glory. These characteristics all formed how the Anglo-Saxons believed one should live their life. Along with the valorous deeds that Beowulf accomplished he is considered to be a prime example of an epic hero. Beowulf would have even been con sidered a model human to the Anglo-SaxonsRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf is a character that exudes the qualities of an epic hero. Throughout this epic, Beowulf is seen as a hero to many and a major threat to the evils he encounters. The values of the Anglo-Saxons, who would have read and admired this poem, included loyalty, bravery, and honor. Beowulf’s character exemplifies all of these qualities to the highest degree. The values and traditions of the original composers of this story cause Beowulf’s character to be the perfect example of an Anglo-SaxonRead MoreBeowulf: an Epic Hero983 Words   |  4 PagesGauvain British Literature Beowulf Essay 9/22/04 Beowulf: An Epic Hero According to Abrams, the heroic poem is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in an elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Beowulf fits Abrams description of an epic, exhibiting all of the characteristics listed throughout the book, thus defining Beowulf as a hero and making the book an epic through its elevatedRead MoreBeowulf, the Epic Hero1431 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf, the Epic Hero There have been many grand stories about great warriors, and champions; those about epic heroes however, are the truly exceptional tales. One such tale, over a thousand years old, stands out from all the rest: Beowulf, the tale of a great warrior, on his quest to achieve eternal glory, defeating great opponents. Throughout the whole story, Beowulf demonstrates most –if not all- of the qualities that an archetypal hero possesses. He embodies the highest ideals of his cultureRead MoreBeowulf : The Epic Hero960 Words   |  4 PagesPotter, and Beowulf all have in common? They all demonstrate the qualities of epic heroes. Beowulf represents several characteristics of an epic hero and demonstrates the values of the Anglo-Saxons. He is the main character of his story, he has a main goal, he travels and fights with a group of people, and he accomplishes many valorous deeds; the values of the Anglo-Saxons are also shown through the actions of Beowulf, such as courage, loyalty, an d fame. For example, when Beowulf heard a cryRead MoreBeowulf : The Epic Hero1321 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf the Epic Hero What does it mean to be a hero? Like anything else in this world, the definition of the word hero can be argued. Some may say that a hero can be passive, that is if he or she refrains from doing a certain action it makes them heroic. Others would argue that to be truly heroic the character must never turn tail and always face the obstacle head on even though he or she may die in the process. So is Beowulf a hero? Yes, Beowulf is a great epic hero, but his greatness comes only

Cream Cracker Under The Settee Free Essays

The name of the play that we are studying is ‘Cream Cracker under the Settee’. This play was written in 1987 by a middle aged Alan Bennett who was born in Leeds in 1934. He grew up through the Second World War and in his play he writes about how views on life have changed over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Cream Cracker Under The Settee or any similar topic only for you Order Now The play is part of the ‘Talking Heads’ series of plays in the 1980’s. ‘Cream Cracker’ is a dramatic monologue in which Doris, a 75 year old â€Å"lady of leisure†, speaks throughout. Doris is played by Dame Thora Hird who has just recently passed away. The play explores the changes within society from when Alan Bennett was a child, through the sixties and to the 1987. In the 1960’s, the younger generations were getting most of the love and care from the family but the elderly were beginning to be seen as a hindrance. The play also explored how people had changed with the feeling that it was necessary to lock their doors and to be very secure rather than leaving the door open like they did in the ‘olden days’. Doris’ personality changes throughout the play, as in the beginning, Doris wants to be independent but Zulema, Doris’ care worker, has forbid her from doing any housework. This enrages Doris as she believes Zulema doesn’t clean her house properly as she says â€Å"Zulema doesn’t dust. She half dusts†. This is pointing out that Doris is quite fussy with the help that she receives from Zulema and doesn’t seem to be grateful for any of it. There is proof that Doris is correct about the way Zulema dusts when she finds an old cream cracker under the settee. Doris intends on keeping the cream cracker to send off to social services to show that Zulema doesn’t dust her house. This shows that Doris is quite spiteful. Later on in the play, Doris seems to be quite dull but she also recites quite a few conversations that her late husband Wilfred and she had. An example of which is when she spoke about the garden and that Wilfred wanted to have a bush but Doris wanted concrete. Wilfred argued about it having non character but Doris wanted it because of the hygiene. This shows that Doris is quite obsessive about hygiene and now she has to try and keep her house tidy otherwise she believes she will be put in Stafford House, an elderly home, but in fact, it is the other way round. By cleaning Doris is putting herself at more risk of being put in Stafford house as she is not very good on her feet and suffers from dizzy spells and has a pacemaker. This will make the audience feel sorry for her and will make them hope that she doesn’t fall or be moved to Stafford House. The way in which Doris speaks makes her seem very realistic and can help people in the audience relate to her in many ways e.g. you could relate to someone you know such as an elderly relative when she’s breathless. This makes it feel as if you know Doris more than you actually do and makes her seem like a real person who would be very easy to like. She also brings up past conversations she has been a part of as I mentioned before which help the audience to become more interested in the play as they are finding out what Doris is like and what kind of things she chatted about with her husband. Doris’ life story is quite a moving, involving and very emotional journey. Alan Bennett makes the story very interesting and even more involving by making the actress look directly into the camera and making her seem like she’s upset and choking through her sentences. She tells the audience about the way that, when Wilfred and she were younger, they were trying for a baby and when they were having the baby, it was a still birth. The midwife then wrapped the baby boy, who Doris wanted to call John, in newspaper and Doris was horrified by this. She saw this action as saying that the baby was dirty and that it was worthless. By the time Doris had awoken, the baby had gone. This makes this part of the play very sad and distressing. There are many unseen characters in this play which Doris interprets in her own special way. She mimics a lot of the characters, especially Zulema, and she is also talks quite sarcastically about Zulema in the way she talks to her. You see this when Zulema says about Doris being unable to run around with the Ewbank and all Doris says in reply is â€Å"Yes, Zulema.† This would make the audience feel sorry for Doris but in the same way happy that she isn’t going to let Zulema boss her around. Another character that is introduced by Doris is Wilfred. We first hear of Wilfred when Doris knocks the photo of the two of them from the mantel piece when she attempts to dust and falls off the buffet. This would make the audience gasp in shock and feel sympathetic for her when she says â€Å"we’re cracked Wilfred†, which means she is referring to her leg as she may have broken it and that their marriage is cracked. There are a few other characters used in the play such as the little boy who pees in the garden, which shows how disrespectful young children are nowadays, the neighbours whose leaves blow onto Doris’ garden and the policeman who comes to check on her at the end of the play. These characters are all well timed to come into the play as it breaks the scenes up nicely and is like a chapter in the story being broken by turning the page. If Alan Bennett hadn’t put these breaks in the play could have become a bit boring. Alan Bennett uses his genius and past experiences to make the play realistic by making Doris very able to relate to. A lot of old people from the same era as Doris are very reluctant to change like when Doris is in her own home and Zulema mentions Stafford House, she becomes all defensive and wary of what might happen next. This will create a lot of interest as people may be threatening their elderly relatives with being placed in a home if they cannot cope on their own and then the people will be able to see how it could be affecting them. How to cite Cream Cracker Under The Settee, Papers

Wk Assignment free essay sample

Law Enforcement Challenges Angela Marshall Professor Christopher Young Strayed University/limitation Technology in Crime March 1, 2015 The greatest challenge facing law enforcement agencies investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity. Law enforcement agencies face many challenges that deal with cybercafà ©. One of the greatest challenges facing law enforcement agencies in investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity is the power of anonymity.Anonymity gives the perpetrator an advantage over his/her victim of not knowing. The perpetrator could be around the corner, in the next cubicle at work, or in another state; possibly being former friend or lover, a total stranger met in a chat room, or someone Just playing a practical Joke. The problem with this is some online crimes can quickly turn to real life crimes, possibly ending up as a homicide, a crime that originally started over the internet as following and badgering (Taylor, Robert W; Frights, Eric J; Illiteracy, John;, 2015). We will write a custom essay sample on Wk Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Predators have many ways to contact their victims over the internet while remaining anonymous, one of the most common forms of harassment is unsolicited hate mail, or obscene or threatening e-mail. Predators can also cause a lot of havoc in a chat group through flooding a targets Internet chat channel to disrupt conversation. A predator can also post messages in newsgroups to start malicious rumors. More complex forms of harassment include mail bombs, sending the target a devastating virus, or spamming the target with electronic Junk ail.A predators true identity can be masked by using different services that provide anonymous communications over the Internet. To be sure, anonymity provides important benefits, including protecting the privacy of Internet users. Unfortunately cyberneticss can exploit the anonymity available on the Internet to avoid accountability for their conduct. If the predator can be identified the next step for law enforcement is to pinpoint Jurisdiction. Challenges that overlapping of Jurisdictions pose in the fight against cybercafà ©.Jurisdiction pertains to which agency or court has the authority to administer Justice in a particular matter, and to the scope of those agencies and courts authority (Shinier, 2011). Cybercafà © has no boundaries on the internet, crossing over jurisdiction within seconds, the individual committing the crime may not even be aware that he/she is in alien Jurisdiction. Law enforcement agencies must determine geographic Jurisdiction of a cybercafà © case, before investigation starts.Difficulty arises when the perpetrator is located in another city, state, or even country than heir victim. Laws differing from state to state and nation to nation, make it difficult to control or investigate such crimes. Even when law enforcement agencies are willing to pursue a case across state lines, it may be difficult to obtain assistance from out-of-state agencies when the conduct is limited to harassing e-mail messages and no actual violence has occurred (Rouse, 2000-2015).The federal law may limit the ability of law enforcement agencies to track down stalkers and other cyber criminals in cyberspace. In particular, the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 CPA) prohibits the disclosure of subscriber records to law enforcement agencies without a court order and advance notice to the subscriber (See 47 U. S. C. 551 (c), (Privacy/Data Protection Project, 2005). As more and more people turn to cable companies for Internet services, the CPA is posing a significant obstacle to the investigation of cybercafà ©s, including cabinetmaking.Propose Salient Solution(s) for Overcoming the Challenges. Cybercafà © is not a city, state, or a country issue, cybercafà © is a global issue that ouches every person that utilizes the internet around the world. Laws differing from state to state and nation to nation, make it difficult to control or investigate cybercafà ©. With this being said the most salient solution would to make cybercafà © laws the same across the globe.While this may seem challenging and much needed negotiation from government agencies to government agencies globally this will ensure success in working together as a global nation to fight against cybercafà ©. Discuss whether or not law officers from different states should have the ability to ark with one another when a cyber-crime is carried out across state lines. State and local agencies are discouraged by Jurisdictional limitations of cybercafà ©.In many cases, the predator may be located in a different city or state than the victim, making it more difficult (and, in some cases, impossible) for the local authority to investigate the crime. Even when law enforcement agencies are willing to pursue a cybercafà © case across state lines, it may be difficult to obtain assistance from out-of-state agencies when the behavior is partial to harassing e-mail messages and no actual lenience has occurred. Many cybercafà © cases are referred to the FBI and U.

The Greenhouse Effect Essay Summary Example For Students

The Greenhouse Effect Essay Summary The Greenhouse EffectThe greenhouse effect, in environmental science, is a popular term forthe effect that certain variable constituents of the Earths lower atmospherehave on surface temperatures. These gaseswater vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide(CO2), and methane (CH4)keep ground temperatures at a global average of about15 degrees C (60 degrees F). Without them the average would be below thefreezing point of H20. The gases have this effect because as incoming solarradiation strikes the surface, the surface gives off infrared radiation, or heat,that the gases trap and keep near ground level. The effect is comparable to theway in which a greenhouse traps heat, hence the term. We will write a custom essay on The Greenhouse Effect Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Environmental scientists are concerned that changes in the variablecontents of the atmosphere (particularly changes caused by human activities)could cause the Earths surface to warm up to a dangerous degree. Even alimited rise in average surface temperature might lead to at least partialmelting of the polar ice caps and hence a major rise in sea level, along withother severe environmental agitation. An example of a runaway greenhouse effectis Earths near-twin planetary neighbor Venus. Because of Venuss thick CO2atmosphere, the planets cloud-covered surface is hot enough to melt lead. Water vapor is an important greenhouse gas. It is a major reason whyhumid regions experience less cooling at night than do dry regions. However,variations in the atmospheres CO2 content are what have played a major role inpast climatic changes. In recent decades there has been a global increase inatmospheric CO2, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. If themany other determinants of the Earths present global climate remain more orless constant, the CO2 increase should raise the average temperature at theEarths surface. As the atmosphere warmed, the amount of H2O would probablyalso increase, because warm air can contain more H2O than can cooler air. Thisprocess might go on indefinitely. On the other hand, reverse processes coulddevelop such as increased cloud cover and increased absorption of CO2 byphytoplankton in the ocean. These would act as natural feedbacks, loweringtemperatures. In fact, a great deal remains unknown about the cycling of carbonthrough the environment, and in particular about the role of oceans in thisatmospheric carbon cycle. Many further uncertainties exist in greenhouse-effectstudies because the temperature records being used tend to represent the warmerurban areas rather than the global environment. Beyond that, the effects of CH4,natural trace gases, and industrial pollutantsindeed, the complex interactionsof all of these climate controls working togetherare only beginning to beunderstood by workers in the environmental sciences. Despite such uncertainties, numerous scientists have maintained that therise in global temperatures in the 1980s and early 1990s is a result of thegreenhouse effect. A report issued in 1990 by the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC), prepared by 170 scientists worldwide, further warned thatthe effect could continue to increase markedly. Most major Western industrialnations have pledged to stabilize or reduce their CO2 emissions during the 1990s. The U.S. pledge thus far concerns only chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs attackthe ozone layer and contribute thereby to the greenhouse effect, because theozone layer protects the growth of ocean phytoplankton. would probably alsoincrease, because warm air can contain more water than can cooler air. Thisprocess might go on indefinitely. On the other hand, reverse processes coulddevelop such as increased cloud cover and increased absorption of CO2 byphytoplankton in the ocean. These would act as natural feedbacks, loweringtemperatures. Science

The Watering Can Business Plan Essay

The Watering Can Business Plan Essay The Watering Can Business Plan Essay The Watering Can Brie’s boutique providing fresh flowers for all occasions Legal Structure The set legal structure for this business is an unincorporated sole trader. The business would be classified as a small business as there would be between 5 to 19 employees. The advantages of this legal structure are: complete control as an owner, low cost of entry, no partner disputes, less government regulation, No tax on profits only personal income. Disadvantages for this legal structure are: Unlimited liability, End of business ends when owner dies, Difficulty in operation when owner is sick, Diversity in range of task that are needed to be performed by one person, Finances can be difficult. Secondary tertiary industry quinary Vision The watering can hopes to become a local florist shop supplying and known for the best quality fresh flowers for all occasions. I hope to not only supply to locals that come to the shop but perhaps perform deliveries therefore catering for all events like valentine’s day gifts or funerals. The hope of expansions to other local suburbs to increase the market in which a florist attacks. It’ll portray the flowers locally available to the public and be all from local suppliers keeping it within Australia. Business goals The business goals for â€Å"the watering can† can be divided into three sections; Social, Personal and financial. Social goals Community Service: The business wishes to bond itself tightly with the local community, by buying product from local suppliers and having involvement with local churches, schools and markets. This can be done through supplying them with product at discounted rates or donating product at events to show support. Provision of Employment: ‘The Watering can’ shall provide job interviews and employment for those in the local community. Specialist jobs such as deliveries of flowers must have a or special requests have a driver’s license, and in the case of taking special request or organising bouquets must be trained by owners or senior staff. Personal goals Strategic Goals: The targets which senior management need to deal with include: Growth and Expansion of the business to other areas located around the main store in the centre, increasing profitability and providing opportunities for both employees and employers. (7-10 years) Steady cash flow that is highly profitable and ensures all debt is paid off. (5-7 years from establishment) Business Reputation of social responsibility and environmental sustainability. This needs to be developed early to develop an establishes client base. (1-5 years from establishment) Tactical Goals: Objectives handled by middle management include: Satisfied employees and a safe working environment with a positive vibe enticing both customers and employees to love and enjoy the store. Costs- work out costs of products and pricing to make profit and invest profit in possible expansion options. Wages- provide employees with above award wages. Use environmental products to help develop reputation of business. Operational Goals: Determined by front line management: these focus on the short term issues. Customer Satisfaction – workers need to be customer orientated as a competitive advantage of the business is the level of satisfaction customers gain through the cellular production method, making each order different and specific to customer taste. Employee Satisfaction – this comes down to the owner and or HR to make sure that employees stay happy and safe in their working place as they deal with the customers in store and they need to achieve customer satisfaction which can mean going out of the way to make a customer happy so the owner must do the same for their workers i.e monetary and non-monetary benefits. WH&S, Preservation of the workplace: negating damage to ‘The Watering Can’ Financial goals Profit: A business needs profit to survive in the business world, thus its essential and key to the success of a business. ‘The watering

Organic and analytical chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organic and analytical chemistry - Essay Example IR provides information about the functional groups that are present in the molecules. NMR provides information about the structural relationship of the nuclei in a molecule. Mass Spectrometry: A mass spectrometer measures the deflection of charged particles as they travel across a magnetic field. This depends on their mass and velocity. A small amount of a sample material injected into the device becomes fragmented into various electrically-charged bits of molecules. These ions are then accelerated into the magnetic field section where they travel along a curved trajectory determined by their mass-to-charge ratio, m/e. Adjusting their velocity as they enter this section allows particles of each different mass to strike a detector. The rate at which different particles are detected provides the relative number of pieces of different mass in the molecule. The most important fragment is the M+ fragment, corresponding to the whole molecule. This gives a direct measurement of the molecular weight of the compound. Other fragments can be assigned to certain structural units. But MS cannot provide information about the relative positions of those parts in the m olecule. Infra-red Spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy measures the frequency of infra-red light that is absorbed as it passes through a thin film sample of a compound. The different bonds in a molecule undergo various vibrations and rotations. The frequencies of those motions depends on the masses of the atoms involved and the particular type of motion, and correspond to frequencies in the IR spectrum of light. As IR light is passed through the sample, each bond absorbs energy at its characteristic frequency. The IR spectrograph records the amount of light absorbed at each frequency across the IR spectrum. Some absorbances are characteristic of specific functional groups and appear in very certain ranges of wavelengths. The overall pattern of an

Economic Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Law - Essay Example The establishment of binding dispute settlement system by WTO in 1995 was one of its most plausible achievements. It was developed from GAAT model of settling disputes, the rules and procedures governing (DSU) understanding is that it contains developments that has led to change from a system based on economic power and politics to one based on rule of law (World Bank Group 1994). The outcome was more legality of the WTO that has been praised as benefiting specifically smaller countries, of which many are developing countries and least-developed countries. The shift 'is specifically beneficial for smaller countries, as without the rules and procedures of the DSU... they would not have the necessary bargaining power vis-a-vis the larger powers. 'Similarly, Weiler notes the advantages of the legalised WTO model, 'especially for the meek economically and politically unequal.' International agreements are not any useful if the rules stipulated cannot be complied with especially if the pa rties that are signatories to these agreements can not comply with the obligations as stipulated. An efficient and effective way of settling disputes often increase the members that are signatory to certain agreements commitments to complying and committing to those rules. Members of WTO established current dispute settlement system thus during the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations shows their commitment to compliance by all Members with their obligations under the WTO Agreement. All members should and have to comply with these regulations as stipulated in writing. It is very important to settle disputes in time and through a structured manner (World Bank Group 1994). It helps to prevent the detrimental effects of unresolved international trade conflicts and to mitigate the imbalances between stronger and weaker players by having their disputes settled on the basis of rules rather than having power determine the outcome. Most people consider the WTO dispute settlement system to be one of the major results of the Uruguay Round (World Bank Group 1994). After the entry into force of the WTO Agreement in 1995, the dispute settlement system soon gained practical importance as Members frequently resorted to using this system. The details of the WTO Agreement have all the certain multilateral agreements. This is to say that, the WTO Agreement contains all agreements that have been considered in the Uruguay Round. References in this guide to the â€Å"WTO Agreement† in general, therefore, include the totality of these rules. However, the WTO Agreement itself, if taken in isolation from its annexes, is a short Agreement containing 16  Articles that set out the institutional framework of the (WTO) as an international organization (Shaffer and Melendez-Ortiz 2010). Specific references to the WTO Agreement (e.g. â€Å"Article XVI of the WTO Agreement†) relate to these rules. World Bank reduces poverty in most countries in world by providing technical and financial help, ensures that people are able to generate their own incomes. They react quickly to the situation which affects any countries negatively. In addition World Bank help in improving health facilities and education especially in developing countries, this increases the leaving standard of the people. It assists in providing food to countries which are facing shortage of foods or high increase in food prices. World bank sustain growth in the future by investing in

Engineering Systems and Components of Centrifuge

Engineering Systems and Components of Centrifuge Description The main job of the horizontal decanter centrifuge is to separate materials of different densities. In this system, the centrifuge is required to separate the olive oil from water and any other solids such as stones. The decanter centrifuge (Figure 1) is part of the olive pressers assembly line made up of four main machines: de-leafing washing, olive crushing mill, horizontal malaxer, and the centrifuge. Figure 1 shows briefly what the assembly line consists of. The inputs into the centrifuge are olives which have undergone a number of processes through the other main machines of the olive presser assembly line. These processed olives are referred to as cake. This cake is the input of the decanter centrifuge and contains stone, water, other chemical additives, and oil. The centrifuge uses the concept of sedimentation to separate the cake into heavy liquid and light liquid, the lighter liquid being the olive oil, which is the output required from the system. Basically, due to the difference in densities the cake and oil will separate naturally given enough time (the oil floats on top of the cake). The centrifuge speeds up this process using high rotational speeds, exerting up to 4000G on the cake. This is useful since a process that would take hours to achieve could happen in a matter of seconds. The centrifuge rotates at high speeds, resulting in the separation of the contents inside the centrifuge according to their density, allowing the olive oil to be retrieved from the system [1]. ADD SCREENSHOT OF CENTRIFUGE Overview of OperationThe cake is input to the system through a small inlet tube encased in a wider shaft. This shaft has an Archimedean spiral, i.e. the scroll, welded to it. The shaft together with the scroll is called the conveyor, and it is encased in a drum. The shaft, and thus also the scroll is turned by a motor pulley system. The cake flows into the scroll area where separation of the olive oil from the cake occurs due to the high Gs generated by rotation and the angle at one end of the scroll. The olive oil and waste are output through nozzles at opposite ends of the centrifuge drum.The centrifuge is attached to the frame using a pillow block bearing. The frame supports the entirety of the system. Basic Sizing Requirements By comparing to existing centrifuges, the optimal drum diameter and rotational speed are 425 mm, and 3800 RPM respectively. A 1:4 design ratio (drum diameter compared to the drum length) is adopted, resulting in a centrifuge length of 1700 mm [2]. A beach angle of 200 is taken, as explained in Appendix 1. Specification Sheet Centrifuge Specifications Centrifuge Type Two-phase; Horizontal Maximum Overall Length 3 m Maximum Overall Width 1.5 m Maximum Overall Height 1.5 m Input Rate 450 kg/h Centrifuge RPM 3800 Centrifuge Beach Angle 200 Centrifuge drum diameter 425 mm Centrifuge diameter to length ratio 1:4 Centrifuge Length 1700 mm Centrifuge shaft outer diameter 120 mm Tree Diagram The following tree diagram is a graphical representation of the centrifuge and its sub-systems. Please turn over to find the above mentioned tree diagram. Block Diagram The following block diagram is a graphical representation of how the centrifuge works in order to extract the oil from the olives. This graphical representation will provide a better understanding of how the sub-systems interact with one another. Please turn over for the above mentioned block diagram. Brief explanation of the chosen components Drive Frame (Figure 2): A tray to which the motor is bolted down to stay in position. It is attached to the legs of the centrifuge lower casing. It determines the distance between the shaft of the motor and shaft of the centrifuge. Figure 2: Drive Frame Centrifuge Frame (Figure 3): The overall frame of the decanter, this supports the entire structure of the centrifuge. Figure 3: Centrifuge Frame Upper Casing (Figure 4): The Upper casing covers the drum of the centrifuge. It blocks contaminants from making contact with the drum and restricts the user of the machine from making contact with moving parts, providing better safety. Figure 4: Upper Casing Lower Casing (Figure 5): The lower casing acts as a collector for the products discharged from the rotating assembly and transports them to receivers for onward handling. The casing has to keep these separated entities apart. So it can be concluded that the casing as an oil collector at one end and a cake discharge collector at the conical side. Figure 5: Lower Casing Feed Tube (Figure 6): A tube that the cake is transported to the centrifuge from the malaxer. This is also the input of the centrifuge. Its inner diameter is determined by its required input flow rate. Figure 6: Feed Tube 3-phase Motor (Figure 7): The motor provides the initial torque required to rotate the belt. The motor chosen is the AEG AM 132M ZA4*[3], a 3-phase motor which provides 7.5kW of power, with the possibility of increasing the power up to 9.2kW through a small modification, making this a flexible choice. Figure 7: 3-Phase Motor Belt (Figure 8): The Flat belt connects the pulley of the 3-phase motor and the centrifuge drum together, transferring power. The chosen Flat-belt is a Polyamide A-3c belt since it provides the appropriate thickness, allowable tension, and coefficient of friction, while also being appropriate for the minimum pulley diameter. Pulley (Figure 8): The pulley is used to modify the speed of the drum and is connected to the motor. Key: A 8 x 10 mm rectangular key 70 mm long is added to the motor pulley in order to make sure that the pulley spins together with the motor shaft in such a way that there is no relative motion between the two. Figure 8: Belt and Pulley Belt Guard (Figure 9): The purpose of the belt guard is to protect the belt and pulley system from any accidents. It prevents contact of the belt with any foreign objects by stopping them from entering the belt area without removing the guard first. This may prevent injuries and breakages. The guard also keeps the belt area clean from any residual debris generated during the process. It can be easily removed for maintenance and cleaning. Figure 9: Belt Guard Figure 10: Drum shell with Archimedes screw inside Drum: The drum (Figure 10) is a cylindrical tube with flanges at both ends. At one end, the liquid discharge drum hub, this is where liquids are discharged from the centrifuge, while on the other side the cake discharge hub is connected, this is where solids are discharged from the centrifuge. The separation medium reaches its maximum speed in the decanter drum. This causes the solids to settle on the wall of the drums inner diameter. This is all a result of the high centrifugal force, which acts on the particles. One distinctive feature of the drum is its tapered shape. This tapered shape is referred to as the beach. The beach is a conical section at the end of drum. It has this conical shape to exert additional force on the solids, hence squeezing out the last drops of liquid. In this part of the process the centrifugal force push the solids uphill. This design helps to elevate the solids above the waterline in the discharge chamber. Figure 11: Bearing Setup [2] Front hub bearings: This horizontal setup (Figure 11) is supported by the use of bearings which are cased in a pillow block. Bearings are used to reduce friction and the effects brought on the component through wear and tear. This bearing used in this assembly is a roller bearing. The roller bearing is a bearing in which the main load is transferred through elements in rolling contact. Pillow Block: The fundamental application of the pillow block is to mount the bearing safely, which enables the bearings outer ring to be stationary, while the bearing inner ring to rotate. The bearing is supported in a housing and sealed with a non-contacting flinger. This non-contacting flinger is a seal, as the name implies it does not come into contact with the shaft. Its main application is to keep lubricants and grease from escaping, while at the same time it helps keep water, dust and other contaminants that could be harmful, out of the bearing assembly. It does this with the help of the centrifugal force. Rear hub Bearings: The rear hub bearing assembly is similar to that of the front hub. Its main job is to support one side of the conveyer. This bearing also resists the axial thrust of the scroll. Figure 12: Generated 3D Representation of Conveyor. Conveyer: The conveyer (Figure 12) is a central hub with a continuous helix welded to it. The conveyer is in the shape of an Archimedes screw fitting inside the drum, between the 2 end hubs. This conveyer will have a small clearance in relation to the drum. It main job is to carry solids which have settled against the walls of the drum, then pushing these solids towards the beach where they can be discharged. Its main functions are to convey the solids after they form a cake, accept the feed and accelerates it up to the drum speed. The material used is EN 1.4571 which is a form of high speed steel (HSS). The conveyer is the transport tool in a decanter centrifuge. The conveyer rotates with a different speed in relation to the drum, subsequently transporting the settled solids towards the conical shape of the drum. Also, the speed at which the conveyer rotates in relation to the drum defines how long a solid spends in the drum. The pitch of the conveyer is related to the transport pe rformance of the centrifuge [2]. This conveyor is comprised of two main sub-components; the scroll, and the shaft. The scroll is welded to the shaft, which rotates. While the two obviously need to be machined separately and welded together for economic reasons, they will be considered as a single part; the conveyor. Calculations Nomenclature Variable (Motor) Description P Power T Torque à Ã¢â‚¬ ° Angular velocity Variable (Flow) Description V Volume A Cross-Sectional Area of segment L Length of segment à Ã‚ Ã‚ ­cake Density of cake Variable (Belt) Description D Driver/Motor pulley diameter d Driven/Shaft diameter n1 RPM of shaft n ­Ã‚ ­2 RPM of motor pulley d Angle of contact for shaft D Angle of contact for motor pulley C Distance between centres t Thickness of belt b Wirth of belt l Length of belt ÃŽÂ · Specific weight of belt à Ã‚  Density of belt V Volume of belt m Mass per unit length of belt r Radius of pulley à Ã¢â‚¬ ° Rotational Velocity FC Centrifugal force on belt F1 Tension in tight side of belt F2 Tension in loose side of belt Fi Initial force required to overcome friction ÃŽÂ ¼ Coefficient of friction FR Resultant force of belt on shaft Variable (Deflection) Description E Youngs modulus of material I Moment of Inertia of shaft y Deflection in shaft Variable (Bearings) Description P1 Weight of conveyor P2 Force exerted on shaft by belt RA Reaction at bearing A RB Reaction at bearing B Variable (Shaft) Description Bending Stress Shear Stress M Maximum Bending Moment c Outer radius of shaft I Moment of Inertia of shat T Torque applied J Polar Moment of Inertia router Outer radius of shaft rinner Inner radius of shaft Calculations and Sizing Material Selection Since the machine will make contact with biological materials, certain characteristics and requirements have to be met in order to ensure that the parts making up the centrifuge will not chemically alter or affect the product in anyway. A list of materials suitable for food processing has been compiled by the FDA, based in the US. The 6th iteration of this code, released in 2013, gives specific requirements with regards to materials used in food-contact surfaces of equipment in chapter 4, subpart 4-101.11. Among these requirements are corrosion resistance and durability. Considering this, the material chosen for all the parts that will come into contact with the product; namely the centrifuge and its casing; the chosen material is EN 1.4571 Stainless Steel, which suitably fits all relevant requirements. [4] REF FDA? Calculations to find motor required Aim: To find the torque required to turn the shaft at a speed of 3800 RPM, which has been determined to be optimal for this machine (Figure 13) and thus find the power needed and an appropriate motor. Diagram: Figure 13: 3D diagram of power transmission system Due to the complex effects of fluid flow on the resistance to turning, the required torque for operation will be found by reverse engineering a similar system. HAUS Centrifuge Technologies produce a horizontal decanter centrifuge that has a maximum RPM of 5400, and utilizes a motor with a power output of 11 kW that can process up to around 1 m3/hr of material [5]. This is sufficiently similar to the system being discussed in this report and can thus be used to reverse engineer the torque requirements during steady state. Using the equation Pdrum = Tdrumà Ã¢â‚¬ °, the required torque may be found. Thus, the required power for the system will be: Since the reverse engineered system accounts for power losses due to inefficiencies and other factors, as well as the fact that that system has an overall larger processing capacity, the required power value obtained can be assumed to slightly larger than the true minimum requirement. However, this will account for any power losses during transmission as well as any potential extra power demands. Conclusions: The chosen motor is the AEG AM 132M ZA4*. This has a maximum of 1440 RPM and 9.2 kW of power, with an efficiency of 87% when operating at 100% RPM, and a weight of 56kg. This is a modification of the AM 132M ZA4 motor, which only produces 7.5 kW of power [3]. The AM 132M ZA4* is a 4-pole, 3-phase motor, single-speed drive. The motor has a single drive and is an asynchronous type motor with an Aluminium frame. It also has an IP 55 rating, making it somewhat resistant to dirt, debris, and water; a useful property for this use case, where spillages and leakages may occur. The motor manufacturer also specifies that the chosen motor has a shaft diameter of 38 mm, and a key of 10 x 8 mm should be used for any pulleys, with the keyway being 5 mm deep and 10 mm wide. The key should have a length of 70 mm [3]. Calculations for the sizing of the inlet tube Aim: To find the required dimension of the inlet tube so that an appropriate amount of material will be input at an appropriate speed. Diagram: Figure 14: Diagram of flow in inlet pipe It must first be ensured that the flow rate in the inlet tube (Figure 14) will be sufficient to allow for the design specifications. In this case, the design is specified as having an input rate of 450 kg/hr. It is assumed that the cake will have a density, à Ã‚ Ã‚ ­cake of approximately 2000 kg m-3. Thus, the appropriate inner radius may be found. Converting the input rate to m3/hr: m3/hr. This results in 6.22510-5 m3 s-1 flow rate. For a system of this kind, the flow velocity is generally in the range of 0.5 to 2 ms-1. For the sake of calculations, it will be assumed that an appropriate velocity for this specific system will be 1ms-1. Thus: Cross Sectional Pipe Area = Area = à Ã¢â€š ¬r2, therefore = 4.46 x 10-3 m. Thus, an inner radius of 5mm can be chosen. This will result in a slight decrease in flow velocity, (down to 0.8 ms-1), however this is well within the ideal range. Seeing as this pipe will undergo no torque and very little forces, a standard 2mm thickness can be taken. Power Transmission  ­The centrifuge shaft is required to be turned at a constant speed. The load is determined mainly by flow and amount of cake in the system, which are controlled through a process done by another system. Thus, the load on the system may be assumed to be largely unchanging. The torque required is also relatively low. As such, a belt and pulley system is an appropriate choice for drive transmission. This is cheaper than a gear train, and is also easier to maintain and replace if required. This also reduces the size of the entire assembly, as the motor may be placed laterally, with the shafts being parallel to each other. A flat belt is chosen over a V-belt. While the wedging action of a V-belt means that more power can be transmitted, flat belts are more efficient, having a 98% efficiency. Flat belts also generally have a longer work life. Most importantly, flat belts may be used across large centre distances, unlike V-belts. Thus, due to the nature of the setup a flat belt system is more appropriate. [6] The larger pulley must also be crowned (curved slightly) so the belt may be kept tracking centred on the pulley [7]. Flat-Belt Calculations Aim: To analyse the forces acting upon the belt, determining friction and tension due to transmitted torque, in order to find forces and stresses on the shafts. Assumption: A polyamide A-3à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ flat belt with thickness 3.3mm is used to calculate the forces present [8]. Figure 15: Diagram of belt and pulley system The outer diameter of the centrifuge shaft has been chosen to be 120 mm. To find the corresponding motor pulley diameter, D (Figure 15) required in order to spin the centrifuge at the required 3800 RPM, assuming the motor will turn at its rated speed of 1440 RPM, the following relationship is used.dn1 = Dn2 Where n ­1  ­Ã‚ ­and n2 are the RPMs of the respective shaft 0.123800 = D1440 D = 315.57 mm This will be approximated to 0.316 m (or 12.5 inches), the closest standard pulley size. For this size, the crown of the pulley should be 1 mm high [9]. Determining the angles indicated [8]: = sin-1() = 0.197à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“where C = 500mm d = à Ã¢â€š ¬ 2sin-1() = 2.747à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ D = à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2sin-1() = 3.536à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ Length of belt, L = = 1.704m Thickness and width of belt, t = 3.3mm b = 75mm (standard belt width chosen arbitrarily) specific weight of belt, ÃŽÂ · = 0.042lbf/in3 = 1162.56kg/m3 Volume of belt = t x b x l = 75 x 3.3 x 1704 = 421.74 x 103 mm3 Mass of belt = à Ã‚ V = 1162.56 x 4.2174 x 10-4m3 = 0.49kg Mass per unit length of belt, m = = 0.2877kgm-1 It can be shown that: From dS = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ ° dÃŽÂ ¸ where dS, is the force due to centrifugal force = FC dÃŽÂ ¸ This implies FC = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ °2 = = 163.34N The difference in tension between the 2 sides of the belt is given by: ΆF = F1 F2 = = 109.3N For initial tension Fi, Equating Fi with the force required to overcome friction Fi = T2 eÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ from friction equation T1 = T2 eÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ The negative sign indicates that this is the force that must be overcome. To find F1 and F2 , Tension in the belt where T1 is the largest tension, to be FI ÃŽÂ ¼ = 0.8 ÃŽÂ ¸D = 3.536C T2 = F2 Since, F2 = Fi + FC F2 = -F2 e0.8 x 3.356 + FC F2 = F2 e0.8 x 3.356 + 163.34 1 e0.8 x 3.356 F2 = 163.34 Therefore, F2 = ΆF = F1 F2 109.3 = F1 6.06 Therefore, F1 = 115.36N Finding the radial resultant force on the shaft, It can be assumed that the force will act approximately radially for the sake of calculations. By geometry ÃŽÂ ¸ = sin-1 = 0.197c = 11.3o Figure 16: Diagram showing forces acting on driver pulley Solving horizontally (Figure 16): (115.36 cos 11.3) + (163.34) + (6.06 cos 11.3) = 282.40N Solving vertically: (6.06 sin 11.3) (115.3 sin 11.3) = -21.42N FR = = 283.45N ÃŽÂ ± = tan-1 = 4.34o Calculating FC for the smaller pulley using the equation FC = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ °2 => FC = = 164N Since FC for the bigger pulley = 163.3N, the resultant force FR will be approximately the same as previously found for bigger pulley. The chosen belt has an allowable tension per unit width of ~ 31 N/mm, thus the chosen belt may withstand a tension up to 2325 N. Thus, the chosen belt is appropriately sized to

“Dead Poets Society” essay Essay

What ideas about discovery are conveyed by Peter Weir’s ‘Dead Poets Society’ and one other text? The process of discovery has the ability to greatly impact an individual resulting in them having new ideas and perceptions on themselves and others. These ideas differ for all individuals as each has their own experiences and develops from them in unique and personal ways. This is clearly evident in the film ‘Dead Poets Society’ by Peter Weir as it is a text which significantly focuses on the concept of contrast. Throughout this concept viewers are allowed an in-depth demonstration of the protagonists Neil Perry and Todd Anderson’s negative and positive experiences which have been caused by their strive to achieve individualism after a new English teacher John Keating introduces his pupils to poetry and free thinking attitude. ‘Firework’ a song co-written and performed by Katy Perry is also a text which conveys that discovery is a proc ess that can lead to enlightenment and enable one to be more acceptant of who they once they disregard the socially constructed expectations that mass media communicates. Throughout Perter Weir’s ‘Dead Poets Society’ viewers are able to understand that discovery itself is a process of transformation that can lead to new ideas which in turn have positive effects on an individual. This can be seen in the scene where Professor Keating educates his students the act of conformity. When Keating states its definition as â€Å"the difficulty of maintaining your own beliefs in the face of others† the audience are able to identify the contrast between the professor Keating and principal Nolan’s attitudes and values towards educations throughout the mise-en-scene displaying Nolan in a small, dark and mysterious room caged by the large steel poles representing the strict and prestigious nature of the institution. This allows the audience to realise that the students are able to better develop their skills when allowed to be free from the forces of conformity the institution brings. When the students are told to find their â€Å" own walk† it clear that they do so to achieve becoming their own unique individual. Furthermore, during the ending of the film a full shot is utilised to capture the majority of students standing on their tables portraying the extent to which professor Keating has made an impact on his pupils. Earlier in the film Keating too stood on his table to â€Å"remind himself to look at things in a different way† hence it can be said that his student are following in his footsteps allowing the professor to depart from  the academy without any regret. Even though discovery may lead to new understandings and perceptions these may not result in positive ways but will also have the ability to result in negative outcomes for both individual and those closes by .As a result of Keating’s newly introduced philosophies, protagonist Neil Perry further endeavours to fulfil his passion and desire to become an actor however does so by forging his father’s signature on a consent form that would allow him to perform his act. When Neil’s father objects to him p ursuing his dreams, he is told that he will â€Å"go to Harvard and become a doctor†. Through the use of the low camera angle looking up towards his father, strong facial expression displaying authority and superiority are apparent. As a result viewers are able to comprehend that Neil is in no position to change or even slightly alter his father’s decision. However, when Neil’s mother advises that he â€Å"get some sleep† a close up of the individuals face presents a mysterious and worrisome smile resulting in the creation of suspense and confusion in the audience. The mise-en-scene displaying a weak and still hand behind a table centimetres away from a gun, viewers are able to reach the tragic conclusion of Neil Perry’s death in a confronting and unexpected way. ‘Firework’ a song co-written and performed by Katy Perry is a text which significantly exemplifies the experience of discovering something that has been concealed by of society and in particular the expectations that are constantly forced upon individuals through mass media that must be disregarded to proceed to the new finding. The music video features a number of characters overcoming numerous social issues such as body image, homosexuality, bullying, the effect of conflict between parents on their children and the acceptance of having a medical illness. Throughout the chorus the term â€Å"firework† is used to symbolise the spark inside all individuals that must first be â€Å"ignited† or in other words believed in to enable them to achieve their goals and accomplish their dreams. Additionally, fireworks are used as visual metaphors to represent the time when one becomes enlightened and acceptant of who they truly are regardless of what society expects of them. In conclusion, both texts ‘Dead Poets Society’ by Peter Weir and ‘Firework’ by Katy Perry complement each other in the sense that they both successfully provide the audience with diverse concepts and ideas of discovery. Whether they may be negative or positive,  each educates viewers in having varying ideas about the consequences that may be caused by ones decision after they access new, original understandings and perceptions of themselves.

Cultural Leadership

CONTENTS 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2. Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Definition Dimensions of culture 3. Cultural leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Globalisation Global leadership behavior 4. Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1. Introduction Cultural leadership is a study in which I sumarry colected some related ideas about culture, leadership and the impact of culture on leadership process. The project is structurared in two chapters, follow by a conclusion and bibliography. The first chapter begins by defining culture and describing the dimensions of culture with specific examples in every aria. Determining the basic dimensions or characteristics of different cultures is the first step in being able to understand the relationships between them. Because it is an abstract term, the word culture it is hard to define, and different people often define it in dissimilar ways. A definition which captured my attention is one which defined culture as the learned beliefs, values, rules, norms, symbols, and traditions that are common to a group of people. It is these shared qualities of a group that make them unique. Culture is dynamic and transmitted to others. In short, culture is the way of life, customs, and script of a group of people. (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey, 1988). Next, in the second chapter, I found it necesarry to talk about how leadership varies across cultures and which specific leadership attributes cultures universally endorse as desirable and undesirable. As individuals we have implicit beliefs and convictions about the attributes and beliefs that distinguish leaders from non-leaders and effective leaders from ineffective leaders. So, from the perspective of this theory, leadership is in the eye of the beholder. Leadership refers to what people see in others when they are exhibiting leadership behaviors. Because of that, I have presented in this chapter six types of leadership accepted worldwide based upon Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness –GLOBAL- Research Program. I chose this specific topic, because I am interested in the domains presented, culture and leadership, and I considered this occasion, like being a great opportunity to discover more information or facts regarding them. 2. Culture Definition Anthropologists, scientist, sociologists and many others have debated the meaning of the word culture. Because it is an abstract term, it is hard to define, and different people often define it in dissimilar ways. Below, I have tried to find out some definitions of culture as follows: Kroeber, A. L. , & Kluckhohn (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions :† Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i. e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements of further action’’. Banks, J. A. & McGee (1989). Multicultural education. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon: â€Å"Most social scientists today view culture as consisting primarily of the symbolic, ideational, and intangible aspects of human societies. The essence of a culture is not its artifacts, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how the members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies; it is not material objects and other tangible aspects of human societies. People within a culture usually interpret the meaning of symbols, artifacts, and behaviors in the same or in similar ways. † Linton, R. (1945, p. 32). The Cultural Background of Personality: â€Å"A culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society† From a business view, when leading a multicultural group, it is important to be aware of the norms, beliefs, and values that the participants bring with them to the setting. These norms, beliefs, and values not only shape identity but they also affect perceptions, attitudes and assumptions. These aspects of individuals and groups are typically not visible and yet, they are extremely important to take into consideration during the planning and facilitative processes. Other aspects of culture implies institution, religion, education, language, material culture and life-style. Dimensions of culture Hofstede (1994) identified four dimensions of culture: The first one, individualism versus collectivism, refers to how people define themselves and their relationships with others. In an individualist culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group. Ties between individuals are loose. People look after themselves and their immediate families. For example, a student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph. D. , teach at a distinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is because that places him in society much more so than any of his accomplishments in the United States. Individualistic cultures like USA and France are more self-centered and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. This kind of cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as â€Å"I† distinctive from other people. They define people by what they have done, their accomplishments, what kind of car they drive. Individualist cultures are more remote and distant. Collectivistic cultures have a great emphasize on groups and think more in terms of â€Å"we†. In China, for example it is out of question to disagree with someone’s opinion in public. You will do that in a more private and personal atmosphere to protect a person from the â€Å"loss of face†. In collectivistic cultures a direct confrontation will be always avoided. The second dimension that the author presents is the one which indicates the extent to which dominant values in a society tend to be assertive and look more interested in things than in concerning for people and the quality of life. â€Å"Masculinity is the opposite of femininity; together, they form one of the dimensions of national cultures. Masculinity stands for a society which social gender roles are dearly distinct: men are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. â€Å"Femininity stands for a society where gender roles overlap: both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender and concerned with the quality of life. † The Masculinity and Femininity dimension describes how cultures differentiate on not between gender roles. Masculine cultures tend to be ambitious and need to excel. Members of these cultures have a tendency to polarize and consider big and fast to be beautiful. In workplaces employees emphasize their work to a great extent (live in order to work) and they admire achievers who accomplished their tasks. Feminine cultures consider quality of life and helping others to be very important. The country which strives the most for maximal distinction between what women and men are expected to do, the culture that place high values on masculine traits stress assertiveness, competition, and material success is Japan, the last country being Sweden. The third dimension is power distance, or the way the culture deals with inequalities. Hofstede (1997,p. 28) defines power distance as â€Å"the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally†. Hofstede believes that power distance is learned early in families. In high power distance cultures, children are expected to be obedient toward parents versus being treated more or less as equals. In high power distance cultures, people are expected to display respect for those of higher status. For example, in countries such as Cambodia and Thailand, people are expected to display respect for monks by greeting and taking leave of monks with ritualistic greetings, removing hats in the presence of a monk, dressing modestly, seating monks at a higher level, and using a vocabulary that shows respect. In a high power distance culture, company bosses are â€Å"kings† and employees â€Å"loyal subjects† who don’t speak out. In the low power distance workplace, subordinates expect to be consulted, and ideal bosses are democratic. In more democratic organizations, leaders are physically more accessible. And finally, the last dimension is about uncertainty avoidance which expresses the deficit that people tolerate ambiguous situations and need formal rules. Uncertainty is â€Å"the extent to which the members of a culture fell threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. One of the dimensions of national cultures (from weak to strong). †. Some cultures need to have a strong uncertainty avoidance like France. In France many strict regulations are used and tasks are heavily centralized in companies and for meetings it is important to consider that. They are very careful with the details or any circumstances which could cause any kind of uncertainty for French business people. Germans and Finns have a less level of uncertainty avoidance and a medium level of power distance have the need for clearly specified competence to avoid uncertainty. They need specific procedures and distributions of tasks, instructions and rules. The co-ordination and control can be achieved through standardization and certification measurers. Americans and Chinese (Hong Kong) have a lower need for uncertainty avoidance and rather avoid too many rules and formalities. They are more likely to stimulate innovations and emphasize new ideas. They are more flexible and more acting than reacting on changes occurring inside and outside of business. In contrast cultures with very strong uncertainty avoidance display their emotions in the way that everything that is different, is dangerous. They resist in changes and worry about their future. 3. Cultural leadership Are leaders made or born? I think this is a question that most of us asked in a moment or another. In my opinion leaders are made but they must have some skills before that process too. If somebody have the desire and willpower, he can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. To inspire your workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things a leader must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. We can affirm that culture is a long-term, complex phenomenon. Culture represents the shared expectations and self-image of the organization. The mature values that create â€Å"tradition† or the â€Å"way we do things here† because as we should know things are done differently in every organization. The collective vision and common folklore that define the institution are a reflection of culture. Individual leaders, cannot easily create or change culture because culture is a part of the organization. Culture influences the characteristics of the climate by its effect on the actions and thought processes of the leader. But, everything somebody dose as a leader will affect the climate of the organization. For instance, the cultural diversity of employees found in worldwide multinational organizations presents a substantial challenge with respect to the design of multinational organizations and their leadership. In my opinion, given the increased globalization of industrial organizations and increased interdependencies among nations, the need for better understanding of cultural influences on leadership and organizational practices is getting higher. Situations that leaders must face are highly complex, constantly changing, and difficult to interpret. More than ever before, managers of international firms face fierce and rapidly changing international competition. Globalization has also created the need for leaders to become competent in cross-cultural awareness and practice. Adler and Bartholomew (1992, p. 53) contend that global leaders need to develop five cross-cultural competencies. First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural environments worldwide. Second, they need to learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of many other cultures. Third, they need to be able to work simultaneously with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders must be able to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to learn to relate to people from other cultures from a position of equality rather than cultural superiority. Additionally, global leaders need to be skilled in creating trans cultural visions. They need to develop communication competencies that will enable them to articulate and implement their vision in a diverse workplace. In sum, today’s leaders need to acquire a challenging set of competencies if they intend to be effective in present-day global societies. GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness) started a research program in order to describe how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others, and they identified six global leadership behaviors: charismatic/ value based, team oriented, participative, humane oriented, autonomous, and self-protective. These global leadership behaviors were defined as follows: Charismatic/value-based leadership reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values. This kind of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. Team-oriented leadership emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic and administratively competent. Participative leadership reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes being participative and non-autocratic. Humane-oriented leadership emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous. This type of leadership includes modesty and sensitivity to people. Autonomous leadership refers to independent and individualistic leadership, which includes being autonomous and unique. Self-protective leadership reflects behaviors that ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group. It includes leadership that is self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, face saving, and procedural. Below, you have examples with leadership styles in different cultures: The countries from Eastern European have the idea of a leader which is moderately charismatic/value-based team-oriented, and people-oriented yet largely uninterested in involving others in the decision-making process. To sum up, this culture describes a leader as one who is highly autonomous, makes decisions independently, and is to a certain degree inspiring, team-oriented, and attentive to human needs. Quite different from the Eastern European countries, the Latin American countries place the most importance on team-oriented, charismatic/value based, and self-protective leadership and the least importance on autonomous leadership. As a fact ,those leaders tend to be moderately interested in people and their participation in decision making. An ideal example of leadership for the Nordic European countries is leadership that is highly visionary and participative while being somewhat independent and diplomatic. For these countries, it is less important that their leaders be people oriented or protective of their office. Nordic Europeans prefer leaders who are inspiring and involve others in decision making. They do not expect their leaders to be exceedingly compassionate, nor do they expect them to be concerned with status and other self-centered attributes. For countries in Africa, an ideal leader is modest, compassionate, and sensitive to the people. In addition, they believe a leader should be relatively charismatic/value-based, team oriented, participative, and self-protective. Leaders who act independently or act alone are viewed as less effective in these countries. In short, the African profile characterizes effective leadership as caring leadership. Like many other countries, these countries believe leaders should be inspirational, collaborative, and not excessively self-centered. Leaders who act autonomously are seen as ineffective in African countries. The leadership profile for the Middle Eastern countries differs significantly from the profiles of the other regions. Middle Eastern countries find self-attributes such as face saving and status are important characteristics of effective leadership. They also value being independent and familial. However, they find charisma, collaboration, and participative decision making less essential for effective leadership. To sum up, the Middle Eastern profile of leadership emphasizes status and face saving and de-emphasizes charismatic/value-based and group-oriented leadership. As we can see above, the dominant cultural norms endorsed by societal cultures induce global leader behavior patterns and organizational practices that are differentially expected and viewed as legitimate among cultures. Thus, the attributes and behaviors of leaders are, in part, a reflection of the organizational practices, which in turn are a reflection of societal cultures. 4. Conclusions After I have done this paper I realized that culture and leadership are like the two sides of the same coin. I believe that culture have a significant impact on leadership. First of all, culture shapes an individual ‘s self-definition of a leader through fundamental ideas about self and work. Second, the norms, values, beliefs or assumption an individual already learnt in the culture, makes him pass through cultural filters so that he perceive the world of work and leadership development different, meaning we don’t see the world through the same lens. We talked about culture, its definitions from different points of view, dimensions of culture and cultural leadership. Here we touched arias like: globalization, leadership’s styles accepted all over the world with regional examples. After all, the core of this project can be summarized in a couple of phrases, like the ones below. Leaders are immersed in their own societal culture, and they are most likely to enact the global leader behavior patterns that are favored in that culture. Founders influence the behavior of subordinate leaders and subsequent leaders by use of selective management selection criteria, role modeling, and socialization. Further, the dominant cultural norms endorsed by societal cultures induce global leader behavior patterns and organizational practices that are differentially expected and viewed as legitimate among cultures. Thus, the attributes and behaviors of leaders are, in part, a reflection of the organizational practices, which in turn are a reflection of societal cultures. At the present time, there is a greater need for effective international and cross-cultural collaboration, communication and cooperation, not only for the effective practice of leadership, but also for the betterment of the human conditions. As we view in this project, globalization has let its mark on the cultures of the world, which are getting more and more interconnected. As a conclusion, nowadays leaders should be encouraged or take initiative to reflect on their own values, see that multicultural differences exist and work to improve culture for all. 5. References Cultures and Organizations – Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival† Hofstede, Geert (1994) http://books. google. ro Cross-cultural approaches to leadership development by Clyde Brooklyn Derr http://www. cribd. com/doc/17743776/Nature-of-Culture-Its-Impact-on-Business http://www. via-web. de/conceptualization-of-culture/ http://www. ramergroup. com/pdfs/Concepts-of-Leadership. pdf http://www. online-leadership-tools. com/develop-leadership. html http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadcon. html :Concepts of Leadership http://www. thunderbird. edu/wwwfiles/sites/globe/pdf/process. pdf – Cultural Influences on Lea dership and Organizations: Project GLOBE ——————————————–

Franz Kafka an Artis Hungry for Pride - 867 Words

In Franz Kafka’s short story, â€Å"A Hunger Artist†, Kafka introduces an eccentric man known as the Hunger Artist. The Hunger Artist has committed his entire life to the art of fasting, allowing himself to be caged and displayed to the public as if he were a painting (Kafka 198). Despite all the emotional turmoil he endures, he takes a great amount of pride in fasting and believes that he can fast for extremely elongated periods (Kafka 200). Unfortunately, his pride not only causes internal conflicts but also tragically leads to his unfortunate demise (Kafka 205). Through the setting and the character development of the Hunger Artist, Kafka illuminates the dangers of self-pride and depicts pride as harmful and detrimental to one’s existence. Kafka utilizes the setting to show how the Hunger Artist is prideful and how this pride creates nothing but self-inflicted harm. Throughout the story, the Hunger Artist is always present in the confinements of a barred cage (Kafka 198). The cage separates him from the rest of society and allows him to show that because he is locked away he cannot possibly obtain any food that can disrupt his fasting. This physical barrier shows how the Hunger Artist wants to make it obvious that there is no possible way for him to search for food. He is pleased to know that he can restrict himself from such things. Within the cage, there is little furniture and dà ©cor. Only the â€Å"striking of the clock† exists in the cage to allow the Hunger Artist a sense ofShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageson airline passenger complaints—argue that low employee morale was a maj or factor undermining passenger satisfaction. At US Airways, employees have posted comments on blogs such as â€Å"Our planes (sic) smell filthy† and, from another, â€Å"How can I take pride in this product?†55 Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism We find a consistent negative relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism, but it is moderate to weak.56 While it certainly makes sense that dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work